耆那教少為人知但深植於佛教歷史而影響佛教的諸多觀念

節錄翻譯以下這篇耆那教早期經文並不是為了要信仰耆那教，而是要為了多加理解耆那教的早期思想，並且為了與現存佛教各部派經典文本當中可能所仍包含的耆那教思想遺跡進行比較研究之用。 中文部分由個人修改自GOOGLE翻譯，英譯來自: JAINA SUTRAS, PART I　(SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST VOL. 22)　Translated from the Prakrit by Hermann Jacobi, 1884 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47939 TWO JAIN SACRED TEXTS, THE AKARANGA AND KALPA SUTRAS. Book I, Lecture 6, Lesson 2 http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2231.htm ＂Though some know the misery of the world, have relinquished their former connections, have given up ease, live in chastity, and, whether monk or layman, thoroughly understand the law, they are not able (to persevere in a religious life). 雖然有些人知道了世界的苦難，他們放棄了與他們過去的聯繫，放棄了安逸，生活在貞潔中，無論是出家者或是信眾，完全瞭解戒律，但他們都無法（堅持宗教的生活）。＂ ＂The ill-disposed, giving up the robe, alms-bowl, blanket, and broom, do not bear the continuous hardships that are difficult to bear. 不當的處置，放棄長袍，缽，毯子和掃帚，無法承受難以忍受的連續艱辛。＂ ＂He who prefers pleasures will, now or after an hour, be deprived (of the body, not to recover it) for an infinite space of time. 喜好歡愉的人，無論是現在還是一小時後，都被剝奪無限的時空（而不是恢復其身）。＂ ＂And thus they do not cross (the samsâra), for the sake of these pleasures which entail evil consequences and are associated with others of their kind. 因此，他們不會渡越生死輪迴之流，由於這些會帶來惡果的歡愉及與其相關的同類的緣故。＂ ＂But some who embrace the law, will practise it, being careful about its outward signs; not giving way to worldliness, but being firm. Knowing (and renouncing) all lust, a devout man becomes a great sage when he breaks all bonds, thinking: Nothing belongs to me. ＂但是一些接受法的人會練習它，小心它的外在跡象；不是讓位於世俗，而是變得堅定。知道（並放棄）所有的慾望，一個虔誠的人在他打破所有的束縛時成為一個偉大的聖人，思考著：沒有什麼是屬於我的。（一切非我所）。＂ ＂A man who, thinking, I am I, exerts himself for this (creed), ceases (to act), is houseless, walks about bald-headed. 一個男人，想著，我是我，為這個（信條）施加努力，停止（作為），無家可歸，禿頭而行。＂ ＂The naked, fasting (monk), who combats the flesh, will be abused, or struck, or hurt; he will be upbraided with his former trade, or reviled with untrue reproaches. 裸身的，禁食著的（出家人），與血肉搏鬥，將受濫辱，或受打擊；他將受到過去各種交換所換來的譴責，或者因不實的責難而受到的譴責。＂ ＂Accounting (for this treatment) by his former sins, knowing pleasant and unpleasant occurrences, he should patiently wander about. 考量（為了這個處置的目的）他過去的罪行，知道可意與不可意的出現，他應該耐心於四處遊行其中之過程＂ ＂Quitting all worldliness one should bear all (disagreeable) feelings, being possessed of the right view 放棄所有世俗性的人應該承受所有（不愉快的）感受，擁有完全正確的觀點並投入其中＂ ＂Those are called naked, who in this world, never returning (to a worldly state), (follow) my religion according to the commandment. 那些被稱為赤身裸體的人，在這個世界上，根據誡命而（遵循）我的宗教，永遠不會回歸（到世俗的狀態）（Aṇāgāmaṇa dhammiṇo－不還此世(中性名詞)）。＂ （轉錄翻譯者wizer按：佛教中的三果阿那含（梵語：अनागामिन्，Anāgāmi）一詞，可能與此有關） ＂This highest doctrine has here been declared for men. 這個最高的教義已經在此為男性宣說＂ ＂Delighted with this, destroying that (i.e. the effect of works), he will successively give up sinfulness, after having come to a knowledge of it. 對此感到喜悅，摧毀它（指行為／業的作用），他將成功的放棄罪惡，在變成擁有關於它的知識之後＂ ＂Here (in our religion) some live as single mendicants. 在此（我們的宗教之中），有些人作為單身乞討者而生活。＂ ＂ Therefore a wise man should lead the life of an ascetic by collecting pure alms or any alms in all sorts of families. 因此，明智的人應該通過收集純粹的施捨品或在各種家庭中的任何施捨物來過引領苦行禁欲者的生活。＂ －－－－－－－－－－ 譯後感想：非我所的觀念，打破所有束縛的觀念，忍辱的觀念，不還此世／阿那含修行位階的觀念，由滅盡惡業且完全的正知作為滅盡罪惡最後一步方成為究竟聖者的觀念，貫徹獨身禁欲苦行的觀念，乃至於只有男性（而不包含女性）才能在耆那教獲得究竟解脫的觀念，都已經在這短短的一篇耆那教經文當中出現。 至於這些觀念究竟原本屬於耆那教或是佛教，有待後續的研究持續釐清。 我個人目前是傾向於絕大部分皆非初始佛教的觀念（因為我認為在契經當中幾乎都可以找到相左的觀念或是不同的詮釋）。